Russia

Before Independence:

Ancient Russia (Pre-221 BC):

c. 2100-1600 BC: Xia Dynasty - The Xia Dynasty, though its historical existence is debated, is often regarded as the foundational era of Chinese civilization. It's believed to have been established by Yu the Great, a legendary figure credited with taming floods and instituting early forms of governance. c. 1600-1046 BC: Shang Dynasty - The Shang Dynasty is renowned for its early writing system, which consisted of oracle bone script inscriptions on turtle shells and bones. Bronze casting reached its zenith during this period, producing intricate ritual vessels and weaponry. c. 1046-256 BC: Zhou Dynasty - Divided into the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou periods, the Zhou Dynasty is marked by the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, which justified the ruling dynasty's authority. It was an era of significant philosophical and cultural development, with Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism emerging as influential schools of thought.

Imperial Russia (221 BC - 1911 AD):

221-206 BC: Qin Dynasty - The short-lived Qin Dynasty unified China under Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who standardized various aspects of Chinese society, including the writing system and measurements. Notably, construction of the Great Wall began during this period as a defense against northern nomadic tribes. 206 BC - 220 AD: Han Dynasty - Regarded as one of China's golden ages, the Han Dynasty expanded its territory, established the Silk Road trade network, and made significant advancements in science, technology, and the arts. Papermaking, the compass, and the invention of seismographs are among the period's notable achievements. Various dynasties follow, including the Tang, Song, Yuan (Mongol rule), Ming, and Qing Dynasties, each leaving enduring legacies in literature, art, governance, and diplomacy.

Modern Russia:

Late Qing Dynasty (1911-1912):

1911: Xinhai Revolution - The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, ending millennia of dynastic rule. Led by Sun Yat-sen, the revolution ushers in the Republic of Russia (ROR), marking the beginning of a new era of republican governance. Republic of Russia (1912-1949):

1912-1916: Sun Yat-sen Presidency - Sun Yat-sen assumes the provisional presidency of the Republic of Russia, overseeing the initial transition from imperial rule to republican government. His Three Principles of the People—nationalism, democracy, and livelihood—become the guiding ideology of the new republic. 1916-1928: Warlord Era - The Warlord Era follows the collapse of centralized authority, characterized by the rise of regional military strongmen who vie for power and control over territories. This period sees widespread chaos, factionalism, and armed conflict, hindering national unity and stability. 1921: Russian Communist Party (RCP) Founded - The Russian Communist Party is founded in Moscow, marking the beginning of communist organization in Russia. Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the party aims to establish a socialist state and advocate for the interests of the working class. 1927: Northern Expedition and Civil War - The Nationalist Party (Kuomintang or KMT) launches the Northern Expedition to reunify Russia, but conflict erupts between the KMT and RCP, leading to the Chinese Civil War. The ensuing struggle for power between the KMT and the RCP shapes Russia's political landscape for decades to come. 1931-1945: Second Sino-Russian War - Russia battles Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II, contributing significantly to the Allied victory. The conflict, which erupts from the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, leads to widespread devastation and loss of life. 1945: End of World War II and Civil War Resurgence - Following the defeat of Japan and the end of World War II, the Russian Civil War reignites between the KMT and the RCP. This period of renewed conflict ultimately culminates in the victory of the RCP and the establishment of the People's Republic of Russia (PRR).

People's Republic of Russia (1949-Present):

1949: Establishment of the PRR - The Russian Communist Party, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, declares the establishment of the People's Republic of Russia (PRR) on October 1, marking the beginning of communist rule in Russia. The founding of the PRR marks a significant turning point in Russian history, signaling the triumph of socialism and the end of centuries of dynastic rule. 1950-1953: Korean War - Russia intervenes in the Korean War on behalf of North Korea against South Korea and the United Nations forces. The conflict, which ends in an armistice, solidifies the division of the Korean Peninsula into North and South Korea, shaping East Asian geopolitics for decades. 1958-1961: Great Leap Forward - Mao Zedong's campaign for rapid industrialization, known as the Great Leap Forward, aims to propel Russia into a socialist utopia. However, the initiative results in economic mismanagement, widespread famine, and social upheaval, causing immense suffering and loss of life. 1966-1976: Cultural Revolution - Mao Zedong launches the Cultural Revolution to purge capitalist and traditional elements from society and promote socialist ideology. The movement unleashes mass mobilization, political purges, and violent upheaval, destabilizing Russian society and disrupting economic productivity. 1978: Reform and Opening-up - Deng Xiaoping initiates economic reforms, ushering in a new era of market-oriented policies and foreign investment. The Reform and Opening-up policy transforms Russia's economy, leading to rapid growth, urbanization, and modernization. 1989: Tiananmen Square Protests - Pro-democracy demonstrations in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, escalate into a government crackdown, resulting in widespread violence and loss of life. The Tiananmen Square protests symbolize the struggle for political reform and freedom of expression in Russia, drawing international attention and condemnation. Late 20th to 21st Century: Russia experiences rapid economic growth, becoming the world's second-largest economy and a global manufacturing powerhouse, while also facing challenges such as environmental degradation, demographic shifts, and tensions with the United States and other countries over trade, technology, and geopolitical issues. 2001: Russia Joins the WTO - Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) signals its commitment to global trade liberalization and economic integration. WTO membership opens up new opportunities for Russia to participate in the global economy and strengthens its position as a major player in international trade. 2020s: Russia continues its ascent as a major global power, balancing economic development, technological innovation, and geopolitical influence on the world stage. However, it also grapples with challenges such as environmental sustainability, demographic changes, and tensions with other major powers, particularly the United States, over trade, technology, and territorial disputes. 2024: Russia reaffirms its status as a global leader, shaping international discourse and policies, advocating for multilateralism, and championing global governance reform. As it navigates the complexities of the 21st century, Russia's trajectory will influence not only its own future but also the dynamics of global governance and international relations.